Two Tales of Trade for Teens
by Jon Dykstra
As Christians we know that man is prone to all sorts of evil, but we often forget that man is also prone to all sorts of stupidity. Much damage is done by well meaning people who embrace a bad cause – they aren’t trying to do evil, just the opposite in fact, but evil is done because these “good” people are acting out of their ignorance.
In Economics this well meant ignorance has often caused serious harm. For example, most of us would be against any sort of child labor. We abhor child labor, especially when the alternative is sending these same kids to school instead. But when the compassionate campaign against child labor moved Nike and Reebok to close plants in Pakistan and lay off 50,000 child workers in Bangladesh, these children didn’t go to school instead. The reason they were working in the first place was because they needed the very basics of life, so when they were laid off, thousands turned to prostitution, crime or simply starved to death.[1]
Compassion, coupled with ignorance, forced these children from a barely tolerable situation to one that was much, much worse.
When talking to youth about Economics I’ve found they are even more susceptible to doing the wrong thing for the right reasons. Enthusiasm combined with inexperience results in an ardent teen who just wants to “Do something!”
Christian youth, who know that “the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil” (1 Tim. 6:10), seem prone to a specific type of economic error – they are often deeply suspicious of the rich and the rich First World countries. Many are convinced that when a rich country trades with a poor country, if the rich get a good deal, it must have been at the expense of the poor. This in turn leaves them leery of free trade.
The truth is, it is not through trade, but through the lack of it that rich countries victimize the poor. Yes, if there was only a fixed amount of wealth to go around, then any country that got more wealth could only have done so by taking wealth away from someone else. But wealth can be created, and is created through trade.
This is a hard concept to explain, but it is relatively easy to demonstrate, as the fictional story below illustrates.
How trade creates wealth
A university professor was trying to explain to his students the benefits of trade. After lecturing on the subject for an entire week he found his students were still unconvinced. Thinking about it over the weekend he had a brilliant flash of insight and headed down to the local dollar store where he bought a range of small inexpensive toys. He bought 20 different toys in all, ranging from a whoopee cushion to a bag of marbles.
When the students entered their Economics 101 classroom that Monday they were each given one of the small toys. Most of the students thought their presents were kind of neat, all except for the girl who received the whoopee cushion. She wasn’t quite sure why, but she was offended. The professor then began the class by asking each student to rate their present on a scale of 0-5 with a 5 meaning they really liked it. The twenty students gave their presents a combined rating of 38. The whoopee cushion girl rated her toy a zero.
The professor then allowed the students five minutes to trade their presents but only with students immediately to the right or left of them. The unhappy whoopee cushion girl managed to trade it to a frat boy for a package of giant playing cards. She was much happier with the cards, and the frat boy was strangely ecstatic with his new possession too. Five minutes later the students were asked to rate their presents again, and the combined rating improved to 54. The frat boy gave his whoopee cushion a five.
Finally the professor allowed the students to trade with anyone in the room. The combined rating after this exchange was boosted to 65.
No new products were created, but free trade allowed the students to obtain what they really wanted, or in the case of the whoopee cushion girl, it allowed her to get rid of what she didn’t really value. The professor was overjoyed because his students finally understood how trade could create wealth. He let out a contented sigh and dropped down into his chair…which then produced another, decidedly more rude, sound.
The frat boy loved free trade.
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When I first published this illustration in the Canadian Student Review some students still insisted that trade couldn’t help poor countries. They argued that the poorest countries have absolutely nothing of value to offer in trade.[2]
This objection has no basis in fact. Whether it is natural resources, or simply cheap labor (even cheap child labor), every country has something to offer. As a response I ended up writing a second story to illustrate how free trade would help even when some countries have much less to offer than others.
How trade helps even poor countries
It was a regular lunch hour in Mrs. Embargo’s grade 6 classroom and the kids were trading their snacks behind the teacher’s back. One of the kids, Ulysses Sam Austin (USA for short) always had at least a hundred Oreo cookies. He had so many he didn’t value them like he once did when his mom only packed five or ten in his lunch. Canada’s mom (some kids have names like Dallas and Dakota, so why not Canada?) always stuck an entire banana bread loaf in his lunch. The other kids weren’t quite so well off, and had a variety of snacks ranging from a handful of chips to a couple of carrot sticks.
The carrot stick kid desperately wanted some banana bread because his mom didn’t have an oven so she couldn’t make it. It took a bit of bartering but eventually he managed to trade one of his carrot sticks for a small slice. It wasn’t a lot, but it was more than he could have gotten any other way.
USA was getting quite sick of Oreos and was practically giving them away. It wasn’t that he was softhearted – some even accused him of being the class bully – but he had a surplus of cookies, and they weren’t very useful to him. He traded ten of them to the carrot stick boy for his last carrot.
The next day Mrs. Embargo decided to crack down, “You children are just going to have to eat what your parents packed in your lunch!” That made all the children very sad: USA because he was now stuck with only Oreos, Canada because he had nothing orange to eat, and especially poor carrot boy, because Mrs. Embargo’s protectionist stance prevented him from trading for the banana bread he loved so dearly.
******
The truth is, it is not through trade, but through restrictions on trade that rich countries victimize the poor. In this illustration, without trade the poor carrot stick boy/country would never have gotten a slice of banana bread, as he was completely incapable of manufacturing it at home. In the real world poor countries in Africa can often produce agricultural goods at a lower cost than we can in the west, yet instead of allowing them to compete with us, we slap huge tariffs on their goods and spend almost a billion dollars a day on farm subsidies. As columnist Elizabeth Nickson puts it, “these barriers dramatically reduce what poor countries can earn from farming, which is what most of their people do. [It is] estimated that protecting our markets from African produce costs these countries $100 billion US a year, or twice what they receive in aid.” [3]
Free, fair trade is a win-win prospect for both sides – the poorer nations wouldn’t trade at all if they didn’t think they were getting a benefit. If we as Christians want to help the developing world in a substantial manner – far in excess of any material good we can do through our charitable giving – one of the most compassionate things we can do is tell our government to reduce tariffs and agricultural subsidies that, while helping our own farmers, do so at the expense of the poor.
[This article was first published in Feb. 2004 in Reformed Perspective magazine]
1 “Green power, black death” by Elizabeth Nickson, National Post Jan. 9, 2004
2 Letter to the Editor Canadian Student Review July/August 2000
3 “Green power, black death”
